{"id":15646,"date":"2022-12-08T14:43:25","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T13:43:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/?post_type=glossary&#038;p=15646"},"modified":"2023-09-11T17:25:16","modified_gmt":"2023-09-11T15:25:16","slug":"science-des-donnees-data-science","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/glossaire\/science-des-donnees-data-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Science des donn\u00e9es (Data science)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la science des donn\u00e9es ?<\/h2>\n<p>La science des donn\u00e9es consiste \u00e0 extraire des informations \u00e0 haute valeur ajout\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de grands volumes de donn\u00e9es structur\u00e9es ou non. La discipline recouvre une combinaison de techniques d&rsquo;analyse avanc\u00e9es, d&rsquo;algorithmes d&rsquo;intelligence artificielle, de logiciels et de principes scientifiques Les connaissances extraites au cours du processus de data science sous-tendent la prise de d\u00e9cision bas\u00e9e sur les donn\u00e9es, la planification strat\u00e9gique et l&rsquo;analyse pr\u00e9dictive.<\/p>\n<p>La data science est souvent utilis\u00e9e comme terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique pour d\u00e9crire toutes les activit\u00e9s li\u00e9es \u00e0 la collecte, la gestion, l&rsquo;analyse, la compr\u00e9hension et l&rsquo;utilisation des donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, les \u00e9quipes de data science ne supervisent pas toujours l\u2019ensemble du cycle de vie des donn\u00e9es. Par exemple, les \u00e9quipes IT peuvent \u00eatre responsables de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/connectez-toutes-vos-sources-de-donnees\/\">collecte<\/a> et de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/preparez-vos-donnees\/\">pr\u00e9paration des donn\u00e9es<\/a> au niveau technique, tandis que les data analysts interrogent les donn\u00e9es et produisent des rapports et des tableaux de bord pour fournir des informations aux organisations.<\/p>\n<h3>Quelle est la diff\u00e9rence entre data science et business intelligence ?<\/h3>\n<p>La data science et la business intelligence visent toutes deux \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la prise de d\u00e9cision gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;analyse des donn\u00e9es. Cependant, la BI se concentre sur l&rsquo;analyse descriptive de donn\u00e9es historiques structur\u00e9es. Elle peut expliquer ce qui se passe dans l&rsquo;entreprise et sur le march\u00e9, par exemple en fournissant des chiffres de ventes trimestriels pour des produits sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p>\n<p>La data science utilise des analyses plus avanc\u00e9es sur un large \u00e9ventail de sources de donn\u00e9es structur\u00e9es et non structur\u00e9es. Elle permet l&rsquo;utilisation d&rsquo;analyses pr\u00e9dictives qui pr\u00e9voient le comportement et les \u00e9v\u00e9nements futurs.<\/p>\n<h2>Pourquoi la science des donn\u00e9es est-elle importante ?<\/h2>\n<p>Comprendre et exploiter les donn\u00e9es est crucial pour la comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 dans toutes les industries, d&rsquo;autant plus que la quantit\u00e9 de donn\u00e9es disponibles a augment\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on exponentielle. La science des donn\u00e9es est donc une activit\u00e9 vitale pour les organisations afin de :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Soutenir une prise de d\u00e9cision plus \u00e9clair\u00e9e<\/strong>, bas\u00e9e sur des donn\u00e9es plut\u00f4t que sur des interpr\u00e9tations<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mieux comprendre les clients<\/strong> et fournir des produits et services pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 leurs besoins<\/li>\n<li><strong>Optimiser l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle<\/strong> en am\u00e9liorant les processus interne<\/li>\n<li><strong>R\u00e9duire les risques<\/strong>, d\u00e9tecter les fraudes et assurer la conformit\u00e9 r\u00e9glementaire<\/li>\n<li><strong>Am\u00e9liorer la gestion de la cha\u00eene d&rsquo;approvisionnement<\/strong> gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des pr\u00e9visions pr\u00e9cises<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pr\u00e9dire les tendances futures<\/strong>, notamment gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&rsquo;IA, permettant aux entreprises d\u2019avoir un avantage concurrentiel certain. Dans le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/blog\/comment-transformer-systeme-sante-francais-grace-donnees\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secteur de la sant\u00e9<\/a> cela peut permettre d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les diagnostics et de trouver des traitements appropri\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Qu&rsquo;est-ce que le processus de la data science ?<\/h2>\n<p>Une strat\u00e9gie de data science classique suit normalement un cycle en cinq \u00e9tapes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>La collecte de donn\u00e9es brutes<\/strong> structur\u00e9es et non structur\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de plusieurs sources.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L\u2019enrichissement et le stockage des donn\u00e9es pour les donn\u00e9es<\/strong> pour les rendre utilisables.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le traitement des donn\u00e9es<\/strong> : extraire, classer, mod\u00e9liser et synth\u00e9tiser des donn\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L\u2019analyse des donn\u00e9es<\/strong> pour tester des hypoth\u00e8ses et extraire des informations pertinentes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La cr\u00e9ation de visualisation<\/strong> pour partager les r\u00e9sultats aux collaborateurs gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des rapports interactifs et facilement compr\u00e9hensibles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>En quoi consiste le m\u00e9tier de data scientist ?<\/h2>\n<p>Les data scientist sont sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;extraction d&rsquo;informations exploitables \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es. Ils sont normalement qualifi\u00e9s pour d\u00e9tecter des mod\u00e8les cach\u00e9s dans de grands volumes de donn\u00e9es. Op\u00e9rant normalement en \u00e9quipe, ils r\u00e9ussissent plusieurs comp\u00e9tences en informatique, statistiques, sciences de l&rsquo;information et gestion de bases de donn\u00e9es, math\u00e9matiques et mod\u00e9lisation, dans la cr\u00e9ation de visualisations de donn\u00e9es attrayantes ou pour utiliser des algorithmes d&rsquo;IA\/apprentissage automatiques et langages de programmation tels que R, Python et SQL.<\/p>\n<p>Il doivent \u00e9galement avoir une bonne compr\u00e9hension commerciale de leur organisation et de ses objectifs, \u00eatre curieux, avoir l\u2019esprit critique, collaborer et pouvoir communiquer les enseignements au plus grand nombre.<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<p><!--HubSpot Call-to-Action Code --><span id=\"hs-cta-wrapper-11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34\" class=\"hs-cta-wrapper\"><span id=\"hs-cta-11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34\" class=\"hs-cta-node hs-cta-11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34\"><!-- [if lte IE 8]>\n\n\n<div id=\"hs-cta-ie-element\"><\/div>\n\n\n<![endif]--><a href=\"https:\/\/cta-redirect.hubspot.com\/cta\/redirect\/2041226\/11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"hs-cta-img-11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34\" class=\"hs-cta-img\" style=\"border-width: 0px;\" src=\"https:\/\/no-cache.hubspot.com\/cta\/default\/2041226\/11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34.png\" alt=\"Ebook : D\u00e9mocratiser l'acc\u00e8s et les usages de la donn\u00e9e\" \/><\/a><\/span><script charset=\"utf-8\" src=\"https:\/\/js.hscta.net\/cta\/current.js\"><\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> hbspt.cta.load(2041226, '11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34', {\"useNewLoader\":\"true\",\"region\":\"na1\"}); <\/script><\/span><!-- end HubSpot Call-to-Action Code --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false},"tags":[435],"letter":[392],"class_list":["post-15646","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry","tag-data-intelligence-fr","letter-s-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - 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