{"id":16042,"date":"2022-12-22T10:53:07","date_gmt":"2022-12-22T09:53:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/?post_type=glossary&#038;p=16042"},"modified":"2023-11-20T11:54:07","modified_gmt":"2023-11-20T10:54:07","slug":"systemes-de-gestion-de-base-de-donnees","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/glossaire\/systemes-de-gestion-de-base-de-donnees\/","title":{"rendered":"Syst\u00e8me de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es (SGBD)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Avec l&rsquo;av\u00e8nement du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/glossaire\/big-data\/\">Big data<\/a> et des nouvelles technologies, les donn\u00e9es sont toujours plus nombreuses et les organisations doivent trouver des solutions pour toutes les traiter et les valoriser. Un syst\u00e8me de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es permet de relever ce d\u00e9fi.<\/p>\n<h2>Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un Syst\u00e8me de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es (SGBD) ?<\/h2>\n<p>Un syst\u00e8me de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es est un logiciel permettant l\u2019exploitation des bases de donn\u00e9es. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire, le stockage, la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, l\u2019ajout, le tri, la suppression, la modification ou l\u2019utilisation des donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9sentes. Il s\u2019agit de g\u00e9rer les aspects primaires de la database.<\/p>\n<p>On retrouve plusieurs composants au sein d\u2019un database management system :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Les donn\u00e9es<\/strong> : c\u2019est le c\u0153ur du SGBD.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le moteur de base de donn\u00e9es<\/strong> : cela permet de rendre les bases de donn\u00e9es accessibles. Les utilisateurs pourront modifier et verrouiller les datas facilement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le sch\u00e9ma de base de donn\u00e9es<\/strong> : c\u2019est la structure de la database.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ce faisant, le DBMS assure la confidentialit\u00e9, la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Sans SGBD, les organisations ne seraient pas en mesure d\u2019exploiter pleinement les ensembles de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 leur disposition. Et pour cause, une simple action (comme un clic) de la part d\u2019un utilisateur peut g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des quantit\u00e9s de donn\u00e9es telles qu\u2019il devient impossible de toutes les traiter.<\/p>\n<p>Parmi les plus connus, on peut citer, les solutions de gestion de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/blog\/data-lake-data-warehouse-quelle-solution-stockage-choisir\/\">data warehouse<\/a> comme Microsoft Access, MySQL, Oracle Database, OrientDB, IMS (IBM), Microsoft SQL Server, etc.<\/p>\n<h2>Quels sont les diff\u00e9rents types de SGBD ?<\/h2>\n<p>Il existe diff\u00e9rents types de syst\u00e8mes de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le mod\u00e8le relationnel (ou SQL)<\/strong> : les donn\u00e9es relationnelles sont organis\u00e9es sous forme de table. L\u2019avantage est la simplicit\u00e9 de gestion et la coh\u00e9rence des informations stock\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le mod\u00e8le non relationnel (noSQL)<\/strong> : ici, les donn\u00e9es ne sont pas n\u00e9cessairement organis\u00e9es sous forme de table, mais dans un format optimis\u00e9 par rapport aux exigences du type de datas stock\u00e9es (par exemple, valeurs simples, graphiques, documents JSON, \u2026).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le mod\u00e8le hi\u00e9rarchique<\/strong> : les donn\u00e9es sont class\u00e9es selon une arborescence descendante. Cependant, si l\u2019un des n\u0153uds est supprim\u00e9, les donn\u00e9es descendantes le sont \u00e9galement. Ce qui ne permet pas d\u2019assurer la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 des informations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les donn\u00e9es orient\u00e9es r\u00e9seau<\/strong> : ce mod\u00e8le permet de cr\u00e9er des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/connectez-toutes-vos-sources-de-donnees\/\">connexions entre les donn\u00e9es<\/a> (que ce soit ascendant, descendant, ou multi connexions).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les donn\u00e9es orient\u00e9es objet<\/strong> : ce SGBD permet de g\u00e9rer des structures de donn\u00e9es complexes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Les donn\u00e9es orient\u00e9es document<\/strong> : il classe les donn\u00e9es en table avec des documents pour enregistrer les informations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pourquoi utiliser un Data Base Management System ?<\/h2>\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, la grande majorit\u00e9 des sites web ou applications utilise des syst\u00e8mes de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es en coulisse. Par exemple : les guichets automatiques des banques, les plateformes de r\u00e9servation de vols en ligne, les catalogues produits d\u2019un site internet, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Les organisations, quelle que soit leur taille ou leur secteur d\u2019activit\u00e9, ne peuvent plus se passer d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de gestion de base de donn\u00e9es. Et ce, pour plusieurs raisons :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>L\u2019administration de la base de donn\u00e9es<\/strong> : le SGBD permet de g\u00e9rer les changements, de sauvegarder, de restaurer les donn\u00e9es et de surveiller la performance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Le partage<\/strong> : le SGBD permet d\u2019offrir un cadre aux utilisateurs qui souhaitent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.huwise.com\/fr\/partagez-vos-experiences-data\/\">partager<\/a> les donn\u00e9es.<\/li>\n<li><strong>La s\u00e9curisation<\/strong> : le SGBD renforce la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un contr\u00f4le d\u2019acc\u00e8s des utilisateurs, ainsi qu\u2019une restauration et une sauvegarde des datas pour garantir leur int\u00e9grit\u00e9 en cas de d\u00e9faillance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div align=\"center\">\n<p><!--HubSpot Call-to-Action Code --><span id=\"hs-cta-wrapper-11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34\" class=\"hs-cta-wrapper\"><span id=\"hs-cta-11e95ee1-3265-4109-8f65-5499002aaa34\" class=\"hs-cta-node 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